What it is for
- Fewer or shallower wrinkles (often crow’s feet / eye-wrinkle volume).
- Higher skin elasticity (cutometer R2/R5/R7).
- Higher skin hydration (corneometer) and/or lower transepidermal water loss.
- Higher dermal collagen density (ultrasound echogenicity).
- Less OA pain (VAS, WOMAC pain).
- Better OA function / stiffness (WOMAC, KOOS).
- Activity-related joint comfort in athletes without radiographic OA.
- Cartilage structure improvement (MRI / dGEMRIC), not just symptoms.
- Greater tendon cross-sectional area and/or stiffness when combined with loading.
- Higher collagen synthesis around exercise (PINP).